Advances in Chemical Engineering & Technology

\r\n Chemical Engineering Conference 2020 addresses the physical science application (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences with mathematics and economics, the process of changing raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to develop useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and new methods such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering. The global chemical industry and market analysis, estimated at U.S. $2.4 trillion, is one of the fastest growing business sectors of the manufacturing industry.

\r\n The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy.

\r\n Environmental Engineering basically is a branch of applied science which involves the issues of energy preservation, protection and control of wastes from human and animal activities. It also includes waste water management, air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, animal agriculture, environmental sustainability, public health and environmental engineering law.

\r\n Modelling and Simulation is the use of models – physical, mathematical, or otherwise logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process – as a basis for simulations – methods for implementing a model over time – to develop data as a basis for managerial or technical decision making. Using simulations is generally cheaper, safer and sometimes more ethical than conducting real-world experiments. Simulation-based optimization integrates optimization techniques into simulation analysis. Because of the complexity of the simulation, the objective function may become difficult and expensive to evaluate.

\r\n Once a system is mathematically modelled, computer-based simulations provide information about its behavior. In physics-related problems, Monte Carlo methods are useful for simulating systems with many coupled degrees of freedom, such as fluids, disordered materials, strongly coupled solids, and cellular structures. Agent-based modelling is related to, but distinct from, the concept of multi-agent systems or multi-agent simulation in that the goal of ABM is to search for explanatory insight into the collective behavior of agents obeying simple rules, typically in natural systems, rather than in designing agents or solving specific practical or engineering problems.

\r\n Catalysts are complex materials that must fulfill many criteria on multiple scales, in order to be successfully used in catalytic processes. There are different types of catalysis process like photo catalysis, Thermo catalysis, and Nano catalysis etc. Heterogeneous catalysts act in a different phase than the reactants. Most of the heterogeneous catalysts are solids that act on substrates in a gaseous or liquid reaction mixture. Industrial process chemistry is the key components of heavy industry. Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical technologies to aid in the manufacturing of an item that usually carried out on a very large scale.

\r\n Chemical reaction engineering involves organizing plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation to construct models for reactor process design and analysis. Many applications of chemical engineering involved in the day to day life like rubber, plastic, cement, sugar, ceramic etc.

\r\n In chemical compounds, polymerization occurs in a variety of reaction mechanisms that differ in complexity due to functional groups present in reacting compounds. Biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to the formation of larger structures. Biopolymers are polymers processed by living organisms. Cellulose is the most common organic compound for biopolymer. The deformation micromechanics of cotton and flax single natural cellulose fibers in relation to their use in cellulose-based networks and composite materials are reported.

\r\n An Electrochemical Synthesis is a chemical reaction that is caused by the movement of electrical current. These processes are a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which one atom or molecule loses an electron to another atom or molecule. In electrochemical process, the atoms or molecules in the reaction are relatively far apart from each other compared to other reactions, forcing the electrons being transferred to travel a greater distance and thereby produce an electrical current. Many natural phenomena depend upon Electrochemical Methods, such as the corrosion of metals, the ability of some sea creatures to produce electrical fields, and the workings of the nervous systems of humans and other animals. They also play an important part in modern Chemical technology, most prominently in the storage of electrical power in batteries, and the electrochemical process called electrolysis is important in modern industry. Neurons use electrochemical processes to transmit data through the nervous system, allowing the nervous system to communicate with itself and with the rest of the body.

\r\n The electrochemical instruments market is segmented on the basis of products, methodologies, end user, and region. The global electrochemical instruments market was valued at $1,713.0 Million in 2014 and is poised to increase at a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecasted period.

\r\n Currently, there is an emerging threat to the water resources. Hence Scientists and researchers are applying new tools and techniques to solve the various challenges and develop innovative methods to conserve and treat the water resources available.

\r\n Oil industry holds a major potential of hazards for the environment, and may impact it at different levels: air, water, soil, and consequently all living beings on our planet. Within this context, the most widespread and dangerous consequence of oil and gas industry activities is pollution. Pollution is associated with virtually all activities throughout all stages of oil and gas production, from exploratory activities to Refining Crude. Wastewaters, gas emissions, solid waste and aerosols generated during drilling, production, refining (responsible for the most pollution) and transportation amount to over 800 different chemicals, among which, of course, prevail oil and petroleum products. Other environmental impacts include intensification of the greenhouse effect, acid rain, poorer water quality, groundwater contamination, among others. The oil and gas industry may also contribute to biodiversity and conservation loss as well as to the destruction of ecosystems that, in some cases, may be unique.

\r\n The global women’s health diagnostics market is projected to reach USD 36.64 Billion by 2021 from USD 25.03 Billion in 2016, at a CAGR of around 7.9% during the forecast period. This market is mainly driven by the increased adoption of point-of-care & rapid diagnostic tests, growth in the number of private diagnostic centers, high prevalence of infectious diseases in women, rising incidence of chronic & lifestyle-related disorders in women and increasing awareness about fertility testing in women & initiatives taken by government and health organizations.

\r\n Biochemical Engineering is an essential area in modern biotechnology. Biochemical engineering includes Bioreactor and fermenter design aspects, Industrial biotechnology, Photobioreactor electrochemical energy conversion, Biological hydrogen production (Algae), Biofuel from algae, Bioreactor landfill, and Moss bioreactor.

\r\n Heat Transfer is the process of transfer of heat from high temperature reservoir to low temperature reservoir. In terms of the thermodynamic system, heat transfer is the movement of heat across the boundary of the system due to temperature difference between the system and the surroundings. The heat transfer can also take place within the system due to temperature difference at various points inside the system. The difference in temperature is ‘potential’ that causes the flow of heat and the heat itself is called as flux.

\r\n Heat exchangers are devices built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another. They are widely used in engineering processes and include examples such as intercoolers, preheaters, boilers and condensers in power plants. Heat exchangers are becoming more and more important to manufacturers striving to control energy costs.

\r\n Petroleum engineering is concerned with the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gases. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall within the sector of the oil and gas industries. Chemical plants produce olefins by a steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by a process of catalytic reforming of naphtha. Petroleum refining processes are nothing, but chemical engineering processes used in petroleum refineries to change crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.

\r\n Petroleum Chemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. The most prolific hydrocarbons found in the chemistry of petroleum are alkanes; these also sometimes known as branched or linear hydrocarbons. A significant percentage of the remaining chemical compound is the made up of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes. Additionally, petroleum chemistry contains several more complex hydrocarbons such as asphaltenes. Each geographical location and hence oil field will produce a raw petroleum with a different combination of molecules depending upon the overall percentage of each hydrocarbon it contains; this directly affects the coloration and viscosity of the petroleum chemistry. The primary form of hydrocarbons in the chemistry of petroleum is the alkanes, which are also often named paraffin’s. These are termed saturated hydrocarbons and the exhibit either branched or straight molecule chains.

\r\n The market size of composites in oil & gas industry is projected to reach USD 1.98 Billion by 2021, at a CAGR of 5.05% between 2016 and 2021. The increasing demand for non-corrosive and lightweight materials in the oil & gas industry and low maintenance cost of composites are the key drivers of the global market of composites in oil & gas industry.

\r\n The driving force for mass transfer is typically a difference in chemical potential, when it can be defined, though other thermodynamic gradients may couple to the flow of mass and drive it as well. A chemical species moves from areas of high chemical potential to areas of low chemical potential. Mass transfer is used by different scientific disciplines for different processes and mechanisms. Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such as absorption, evaporation, drying, Crystallization, membrane filtration, and distillation. Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. Absorption is the process in which a fluid is dissolved by a liquid or a solid (absorbent). Adsorption is the process in which atoms, ions or molecules from a substance (it could be gas, liquid or dissolved solid) adhere to a surface of the adsorbent.

\r\n Crude oil, coal and natural gas formed from the prehistoric matter of plants, animals, zooplankton and other life that was buried sometimes miles deep inside the Earth and subjected to high temperatures and high pressure over millions of years. These three so-called fossil fuels include a wide assortment of carbon-based substances.

\r\n Humans have known about petroleum, or crude oil, from centuries, but the substance wasn’t considered terribly interesting until the mid-1800s, when it was distilled into kerosene and found to be a good, cheap alternative to burning whale oil in oil lamps. At that time, only the wealthiest could afford whale oil, which was preferred over candles or animal fats. Americans and others worldwide quickly adopted petroleum and learned to make an unending stream of useful products from it. Simultaneously, a worldwide obsession with striking oil was born.

\r\n Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. It’s cheap, readily mined domestically and generated almost half of all electricity in the country in 2009 as well as more than 40 % of electricity produced globally. Though American coal is a domestic affair we don’t need to import it the fuel has caused substantial air pollution, as well as ground and surface water pollution from mercury and acid rain. Coal is also the source of countless mining and steady supply of greenhouse gases.

\r\n The artificial intelligence (AI) market is expected to be worth USD 16.06 Billion by 2022, at a CAGR of 62.9% between 2016 and 2022. The major drivers for the growth are increasingly large and complex datasets and Growing number of AI applications in various end-user industries. Moreover, the increasing adoption of AI-enabled products and software tools to improve consumer services further accelerate its market growth.

\r\n A Separation technique is a process to achieve any mass transfer occurrence that converts a mixture of substances into two or more individual product mixtures. Separations may differ in chemical properties or physical properties such as size, shape, mass, density, between the constituents of a mixture. They are often categorized according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. Separation process consists of different techniques like distillation, extraction, zone refining etc. Adsorption is the union of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid to a surface. Distillation is a type of technique used for liquid mixtures with different boiling points. Chromatography separates dissolved particles by different interaction.

\r\n Without continuous technological innovation, further energy savings will become increasingly difficult to attain. While petrochemical producers have made huge progress in energy reduction, they have almost reached a physical limit where any further reduction would not be of the same proportions as that already achieved. To continue the momentum of energy savings, the petrochemical sector is focusing on creating products with enhanced performance which in turn reduce energy consumption during their lifetime. Such examples include: Insulation in construction; lightweight plastics used in cars and transportation; solar panels; wind mills and water purification systems among many others.

\r\n The global analytical standards market is expected to be valued at USD 1.14 Billion in 2015, growing at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period to reach USD 1.56 Billion in 2020. This market is mainly driven by factors such as rising demand for analytical instruments in proteomics & metabolomics and growing importance of analytical tests in drug approval. On the other hand, high cost of analytical instruments & standards is restricting the growth of the global analytical standards market.

\r\n Environmental Engineering basically is a branch of applied science which involves the issues of energy preservation, protection, and control of wastes from human and animal activities. It also includes wastewater management, air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, animal agriculture, environmental sustainability, public health and environmental engineering law.

\r\n Modeling and analysis of transport phenomena are essential for many industrial applications. Transport phenomena involve fluid dynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer, which are governed mainly by momentum transfer, energy transfer and transport of chemical species respectively. Models often involve separate considerations for macroscopic, microscopic and molecular level phenomena. Modeling of transport phenomena requires, therefore, requires an understanding of applied mathematics.

\r\n Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer.

\r\n Thermodynamics mainly deals with the relationship between work, heat and other forms of energy. Thermodynamics applies to a wide range of subjects in science and engineering, mainly physical chemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering. Thermodynamic systems are theoretical constructions used to model physical systems that convert matter and energy in terms of the laws of thermodynamics.

\r\n Fluid Mechanics is the branch of science that reviews the conduct of fluids when they are in condition of motion or rest. Regardless of whether the fluid is at rest or motion, it is subjected to various forces and distinctive climatic conditions and it carries on in these conditions according to its physical properties. Fluid mechanics manages three parts of the liquid: static, kinematics, and flow perspectives. Industrial Applications of Fluids.