Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics


In general change of state of a thermodynamic system results from existence of gradients of various types within or across its boundary. Thus, a gradient of pressure results in momentum or convective transport of mass. Temperature gradients result in heat transfer, while a gradient of concentration promotes diffusive mass transfer. Thus, if internal or cross-boundary gradients of any form as above exist with respect to a thermodynamic system it will undergo change of state in time. The result of all such changes is to annul the gradient that in the first place causes the changes. This process will continue till all types of gradients are nullified.


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